SCADA Systems

SCADA systems are used to control dispersed assets where centralized data acquisition is as important as control . These systems are used in distribution systems such as water distribution and wastewater collection systems, oil and natural gas pipelines, electrical utility transmission and distribution systems, and rail and other public transportation systems.

SCADA systems integrate data acquisition systems with data transmission systems and HMI software to provide a centralized monitoring and control [..]

ICS Operation

The basic operation of an ICS is shown in the figure below. Key components include the following:

• Control Loop. A control loop consists of sensors for measurement, controller hardware such as PLCs, actuators such as control valves, breakers, switches and motors, and the communication of variables. Controlled variables are transmitted to the controller from the sensors. The controller interprets the signals and generates corresponding manipulated variables, based on set points, which [..]